Deadlock Characterization: Necessary Condition for Deadlock

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okay, let's dive deep into the world of deadlocks, exploring their characteristics, necessary conditions, and illustrating these concepts with code examples.

**i. introduction to deadlocks**

a deadlock is a situation in concurrent computing where two or more processes are blocked indefinitely, each waiting for a resource that is held by another process. it's a state of perpetual gridlock.

* **real-world analogy:** imagine two cars approaching a narrow one-lane bridge from opposite directions. if both cars enter the bridge at the same time, neither can proceed, and neither can back up. this creates a deadlock.

* **why deadlocks are problematic:**
* **resource starvation:** processes are prevented from completing their tasks.
* **system hang:** in severe cases, deadlocks can bring down an entire system.
* **waste of resources:** held resources are unavailable to other processes that might need them.
* **difficult debugging:** diagnosing and resolving deadlocks can be complex.

**ii. deadlock characterization (necessary conditions)**

for a deadlock to occur, four necessary conditions must be present simultaneously. these are often referred to as the "coffman conditions" after e. g. coffman, jr., who described them. if any one of these conditions is absent, a deadlock cannot occur.

1. **mutual exclusion:**

* **definition:** at least one resource must be held in a non-shareable mode. only one process can use the resource at a time. if another process requests that resource, it must wait until the resource is released.

* **why it's necessary:** if resources could be freely shared, processes would never have to wait, and deadlocks would be impossible.

* **example:** a printer can only be used by one process at a time. a file opened for writing usually has exclusive access.

2. **hold and wait:**

* **definition:** a process must hold at least one resource and be waiting to acquire additional resources t ...

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