Vernam Cipher (One-Time Pad): Secure Encryption & Decryption Explained 🔐

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Vernam Cipher -
Vernam Cipher was invented by Gilbert Sandford Vernam in 1917.
The Vernam Cipher is based on the principle that each plaintext character from a message is 'mixed' with one character from a key stream. It is a polyalphabetic cipher.
A polyalphabetic cipher is any cipher based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets.
In modern terminology, a Vernam cipher is a symmetrical stream cipher in which the plaintext is combined with a random or pseudorandom stream of data (the "keystream") of the same length, to generate the ciphertext.

Encryption Process-
1. Treat every alphabet of Plain Text as numbers in proper order e.g. a=0,b=1,c=2..
2. Convert the One Time Pad text to its corresponding numbers by following step1
3. Add Plain Text numbers to the OTP numbers. If the total is greater than 26, subtract 26 from it.
4. Convert the Final number to individual alphabets again to get the Final Cipher Text

Decryption Process -
1. Convert the Cipher text to its equivalent number form using same method like encryption
2. Convert the One Time Pad text to its corresponding numbers by following step1
3. Subctract OTP numbers from Cipher Text numbers. If the total is negative, add 26 to it.
4. Convert the Final number to individual alphabets again to get the Final Plain Text

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