Master DES Encryption: Part 1 - Introduction & Overview 🔐

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the data encryption standard (des): a deep dive (part 1 - introduction and overview)

the data encryption standard (des) is a symmetric-key block cipher algorithm widely used from the mid-1970s to the early 2000s. while it's considered vulnerable today due to its short key length (56 bits), understanding des provides a solid foundation for grasping the principles of modern cryptography. this tutorial will cover the core concepts, the step-by-step process of des encryption, and a code example to illustrate the key stages. we'll break it down into manageable parts. this first part focuses on the overview and initial transformations.

**important note:** this implementation is for educational purposes only. **do not use des for any security-sensitive applications today.** modern ciphers like aes are far more secure.

**i. introduction to block ciphers and symmetric key encryption**

before diving into des, let's briefly touch on the fundamentals:

* **block cipher:** a block cipher encrypts data in fixed-size blocks (e.g., 64 bits). des is a block cipher, meaning it operates on 64-bit blocks of plaintext at a time to produce a 64-bit ciphertext block.
* **symmetric-key encryption:** both the sender and receiver use the same secret key to encrypt and decrypt data. des is a symmetric-key algorithm. this implies that the key must be securely exchanged between the communicating parties before any encrypted communication can occur.
* **security of symmetric ciphers:** the security of a symmetric cipher relies on the key length. longer keys make brute-force attacks (trying every possible key) computationally infeasible. des's 56-bit key is considered too short by modern standards, making it vulnerable to such attacks.

**ii. des algorithm overview**

des is a feistel cipher. this means it uses a specific structure that divides the block of data into two halves and performs iterative rounds of mixing and substitution. here's a simplified overview:

1. **initial p ...

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