Encryption Algorithms Explained: Symmetric vs. Asymmetric 🔐 | Cryptography Basics

Topics Covered :
Key size requirements for encryption algorithm and decryption algorithm
A) Symmetric Algorithm :
1) Same key for encryption and decryption
2) Ex. Caesar Cipher

B) Asymmtric Algorithm
1) Public key for Encryption
2) Private key for Decryption
3) Ex. RSA & EL Gamal

Key Size
1 bit key - 0 & 1 possible keys
40 bit key - (2)^40 possible keys
128 bit key - (2)^128 possible keys

How to Crack the Key - Brute Force

Important Notes :
Encryption algorithms are fundamental tools in modern cryptography, used to protect sensitive information and ensure secure communication. They provide a way to transform plaintext into ciphertext, making it unintelligible to unauthorized individuals.

An encryption algorithm typically involves a mathematical procedure that operates on blocks of data, such as text, numbers, or binary code. The algorithm employs a cryptographic key that governs the transformation process. The choice and strength of the encryption algorithm directly impact the security of the encrypted data.

Here are a few notable encryption algorithms:

1. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES): AES is one of the most widely used symmetric encryption algorithms. It supports key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits and operates on fixed-size blocks of data. AES has become the de facto standard for secure data transmission and storage due to its speed, efficiency, and resistance to attacks.

2. RSA: Named after its inventors Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman, RSA is an asymmetric encryption algorithm. It relies on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large prime numbers. RSA is widely used for secure key exchange, digital signatures, and encryption of small amounts of data. It is slower than symmetric algorithms but provides enhanced security.

3. Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (DHKE): DHKE is a key exchange algorithm used to establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel. It allows two parties to negotiate a common secret without disclosing the key to potential eavesdroppers. DHKE forms the basis of many secure communication protocols, such as SSL/TLS.

4. Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC): ECC is an asymmetric encryption algorithm based on the mathematics of elliptic curves. It offers comparable security to RSA but requires smaller key sizes, resulting in faster computations and lower resource requirements. ECC is gaining popularity in modern cryptographic systems, especially in resource-constrained environments.

5. Blowfish: Blowfish is a symmetric encryption algorithm designed to replace the aging Data Encryption Standard (DES). It operates on variable-length blocks and supports key sizes up to 448 bits. Blowfish is known for its simplicity, speed, and resistance to most types of attacks. However, due to its older age, it is gradually being replaced by AES.

These are just a few examples of encryption algorithms, and there are many more available, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. The choice of algorithm depends on factors such as security requirements, computational resources, and specific use cases. It is essential to select a well-vetted and properly implemented algorithm to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive information.

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