Lattice-based Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC)

A comprehensive overview of lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (PQC), detailing its necessity due to the threat of quantum computers to existing cryptographic standards. It explains that lattice-based cryptography relies on the computational difficulty of problems within high-dimensional lattices, such as the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP) and Learning With Errors (LWE). It traces the historical development of this field, highlighting key algorithms like CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium, which have been standardised by NIST for quantum-resistant key establishment and digital signatures. It further examines the security analysis, implementation challenges (like larger key sizes), and future directions, positioning lattice-based PQC as a robust solution for securing digital infrastructure in the quantum era.