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Definition: Cryptography is the practice of encoding information to make it confidential, integrity-protected, and authentic. ❑ Key Elements: ▪ Encryption: The process of converting plaintext into ciphertext using an algorithm and encryption key. ▪ Decryption: The reverse process of converting ciphertext back into plaintext using a decryption key. ▪ Keys: Secret keys (symmetric cryptography) or publicprivate key pairs (asymmetric cryptography) are used to perform encryption and decryption. ▪ Security Goals: Cryptography aims to achieve confidentiality, integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation of data. ▪ Applications: Cryptography is used in various applications including secure communication (e.g., HTTPS), data protection, digital signatures, and secure authentication.